Showing posts with label nuclear power plants. Show all posts
Showing posts with label nuclear power plants. Show all posts

01 June 2011

The Nuclear Power Play – Part 3: What's the Solution?

Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 3: What's the Solution?

Published Saturday, May 21, 2011 2:30 am
Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 3: What's the Solution?

John O’Leary, a deputy secretary of the US department of Energy, testified before the House panel in 1977 that “A solar power breakthrough will solve the energy crises once and for all... a viable plan to use the inexhaustible solar power source is reachable within 5 years.”

“The economics of nuclear power are bad and getting worst” says energy consultant Charles Komanoff. “In my judgment, no utility executive with an accurate perception of the cost of nuclear power and a sincere desire to minimize cost would propose ordering a new nuclear plant.” Atomic Industrial Form Committee on fuel cycle policy (1977)

The volumes of studies comparing the future of solar and other renewable energies are clearly favorable when considering investment, jobs, pollution and safety. But they have been losing their rightful place to the deep pockets of Big-Oil and the atomic based sciences hatched from the “Manhattan Project.”

Affiliated corporations to that project, have been forever rewarded with funding, paraded with Two of of these corpoclout, and embarrassed with open doors. rations are General Electric and Westinghouse – both of whom stand as the leaders in building today’s nuclear global power industry. The subsidies they and oil have received amount to over a trillion dollars over the past five decades.

When Ronald Reagan took down the solar panels from the White House, it was more than symbolic. Behind that action came billions of dollars in “oil subsidies.” Nonrenewable sources of energy would be the “fuel de jour” and individuals would not find freedom from them. Many renewable projects involving wind and solar bio-fuels were emerging through the 70s, displaying great promise, but none would find refuge from big oil nor real assistance from the government.

Melvin Calvin was one such casualty of that era. In 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on “photosynthesis,” while being recognized as an authority in theoretical organic chemistry, as well as being awarded the “Priestly Medal”. 

The “Calvin Cycle” was named after his method of developing the path of carbon in Photosynthesis. This was the birth of understanding “solar energy.” In 1974, Calvin began working on a project that could have brought more of an impact to the security of this country than did the atomic bomb itself, as his focus turned to global warming and the greenhouse effect. 

Calvin had worked on the Manhattan Project and was aware of the direction the trillion dollar Pentagon budget was taking us. Years before, he had traced carbon dioxide’s relationship with sunlight to carbohydrate in plants. He then understood every enzymatic requirement needed to convert carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons.

By 1978, on his ranch in California, he had successfully produced oil from a plant. “Euphorbia lathyris,”  a relative of the poinsettia. It’s grown in a hot and dry atmosphere and produces a latex milk that consists of hydrogen and water. This mixture is processed to exclude oxygen atoms, thus producing hydrocarbons-oil – 12 percent of the plant to be exact and at $20 a barrel. Now oil is almost $120 per barrel. 

Calvin felt cloning and genetic engineering would highly improve the yield and bring the cost down. One of the advantages of fuel derived from Euphoriba is that it does not add to the carbon dioxide blanket eating the ozone. But this did not fit what modeled the “Business Roundtable’s” lock on “fossil fuels”. 

Thus, this Quantum leap in energy resourcefulness and environmental preservation died a quiet and ominous death. The last time I talked to Mr. Calvin, it was 1992, to let him know that I'd included his studies in a piece I wrote for “Creative Loafing,” that I had gathered in an interview with him a year before. He was only coming into his lab half a day a week and soon to retire. 

Calvin told me that he did have misgivings about his years of work being swept under the carpet. How many more like him were, and are still, being dismissed. Imagine California to Texas cooling the desert with green bio-fuel. Euphorbia can still be grown, but we can’t get back the precious kids, who have been sent off to fight over Middle East oil, not to mention the trillions of dollars spent protecting the profits of the oil companies, or the untold damage done to the environment.

In such, President Obama may have completely missed his chance to really be a visonary leader. Right after the BP incident, the President could have partnered with some businesses, commandeered some of those abandoned warehouses along the gulf coast and setup assembly lines building solar collectors, windmills and reversible meters. 

President Obama might have suggested that the most powerful and significant change we can make would be our choices. To be aware of low hydro-carbon products, support them and innovative pioneers like Calvin. To reduce our waste and vote with our feet to tell corporate America how we need to reduce our dependency on fossil and nuclear fuels. That this would progressively usher alternative energy sources into our future.

Making choices has a domino effect. Smart buying reduces trash - reducing trash pic-ups - reducing over burden landfills, which reduces the amount of carbon consuming topography we lose creating them and fossil fuels burnt transporting their fill. To buy smart is like eating smart, it saves you money at the doctor, so when curtailing waste, we and the planet become the benefactors of these practices.

Surely, building more NP plants will not change our habits, nor move us away from this throw-away society they represent. They are the epitome of "trash left behind" with no responsibility to the future. We can, however, insist manufacturers produce products durable, recyclable and biodegradable goods, with little to no fossil fuel. These habits can turn us to a better future in less time than we could bring the first new NP plant online, if we started breaking ground today.

Such broad scale policies would have put tens of thousands of people to work and started a trend that could have reduced dependency on oil – perhaps our greatest threat to national security. President Obama could have put thousands of people to work planting Euphoriba across the Southwest, reducing our dependency even more and helping to heal the woes from CO2. 

All of these industries would employ many, many times the amount of labor then do NP plants. In fact, after an NP plant is built it only requires 100 to 150 people to run it unless a disaster hits. There are not many catastrophes involved in solar and no mining and poisoning waters either, with little chance of a $300 billion cleanups needed to boot. 

Plus, the $36 billion in the pipe for NP as loans, will all be repaid by those who consume the electricity (you and me) and added will be a fountain of profits for the corporations facilitating that process. The longer that takes, the longer those profits flow. It really just becomes a “phantom tax” that redistributes taxpayer wealth to already wealthy, publicly-subsidized corporations. Nuclear Power is by far the most costly and victimizing direction to go down the road to our future. If one wanted to believed it offered a future at all. 

Yes, if President Obama really wanted "clean energy that would strengthen our security, protect our planet and create endless new jobs," he wouldn’t be kissing the rings of those who have taken all of that from us. He'd be standing up to give the American people something more deserving of our nation's role in humanity and we would be taking the lead in guiding the world toward a sustainable future for generations to come.

Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 2: The True Economic Cost

Published Saturday, May 14, 2011 3:00 am
Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 2: The True Economic Cost

Though one might think that the recent nuclear disaster in Japan would have tamed our appetite for nuclear power, advocates for the industry are instead attempting to mount a powerful reassurance campaign in order to quell public concern. In part one of this series, we looked at the true environmental cost of a nuclear power plant. In this piece, we'll explore the real economical impact.

In part one of this series, where we looked at the true economic cost of NP, we asked, Where's the green? Though we failed to find it in real environmental value, there appears to be plenty in terms of the dollars that the industry ultimately requires.

To start with, the expenses prior to cranking-up an NP plant are startling. Building the infrastructure of new power-lines, buying the enormous amount of land, poles and right-of-way is pricey. There’s fuel enrichment, storage, oversight committees, regulators, inspectors and costly emergency back-up everything. There has to be a guarantee of a clean and endless water supply plus emergency sources.

Currently NP plants are providing less than 20 percent of all electricity produced in the US, and only 8 percent of all end uses. Expectations are, that over the next 14 years, production would increase 10 percent with the construction of 20 new plants. China has 25 plants currently under construction and experts predict 25 more new countries will commission their first NP plant by 2030. Most experts say uranium reserves are dwindling and within a decade we’ll be forced to import. I wonder what a peak uranium analysis would reveal? Perhaps lots of “yellow cake” and a world of “dirty bombs.”

On average, 30 tons of high level radioactive waste is created and disposed of from each plant annually. Efforts to open up new disposal facilities and reopen old ones to accommodate the increasing amount are becoming more difficult. Transporting this waste increases the possibility of accidents and contributes to an increasing probability these highly radioactive gases will find their way to the public. More often than not, plants are increasing the amount of waste they store on plant properties. Any method chosen still leaves the chance of disaster.

With a half-life (the time until it reaches half its original radioactivity level) of thousands of years, the problem of storing the “spent fuel rods” does not go away either. They will remain a threat for hundreds of generations to come. This expense, what ever it may be, is not factored into the proposed cost of the plant.

The health hazards associated with working around or living near a NP plant have forever been disputed. What are accepted levels of radiation, the radiation’s origin and whether the person was predisposed to a related disease, has also been disputed by the industry, forcing the burden of proof on to the effected person. Trouble is, the effects of radiation, like smoking cigarettes, can take years to manifest. Many don’t make it through the years of litigation once they have discovered their illness.

The proposed “assisted financing” amounting to $36 billion of interest free loans President Obama has repeatedly announced, is more of a money trap than an incentive. NP plants always require subsidies. The amount includes profits for the partners, while tying those profits to the amount lent. The more the assisted finance, the higher the level of profits are allowed. This public/private romance guarantees a second dance to the bank and a third, until everything is “too big to quit.” This is the anatomy of NP’s money-side.

What happens under various circumstances concerning safety, legal matters, finance and communications are in Washington’s hands, should anything warrant interference. This is clearly laid out in the Federal Response Plan for Peacetime Nuclear Emergencies for Interim Guidance (1977) and amended by Ronald Reagan in a 1981 “Presidential Signing Statement.” This October 8th White House document removes many of the burdening regulations once in NP’s path.

The truth is, NP’s future has been in the hands of those who have been turning our dials for over a half century: the Oil companies. They have had a large stake in NP since the 70’s own the mineral rights to many of the uranium mines. Their government/private partnerships were cast in cement, a power which the BP disaster demonstrated.

The division of Mining and Minerals was forced to divide into two separate entities (revenues and regulations) after the BP disaster, for fear of exposing their codependent relationship, ripe with conflicts of interest.  On Wall Street, they certainly enjoy the “capital gains” generated by these partnerships, but stay away from feeding off this “sacred cow.” Standard and Poor’s predicts the cost of building NP plants will continue to grow at a current pace of 15 to 20 percent annually, and most of Wall Street agrees. This creates an unquenchable thirst for public funds among approved plants, and both Wall Street and S&P agree there is less than a 50 percent chance that any government financing will ever return to the treasury.

In capitalism, a basic tenet is that the producer bears all costs of bringing the product to market before profiting, but we can see that in many industries, especially energy, such is seldom the case. Therefore, any conversation about nuclear power's role in our future energy plan must begin with an honest assessment of cost. The fact that any such assessment presents a big problem for the advocation of a major role for NP, seems like the very reason such facts aren't being discussed by those at the top. Can America, especially our future generations, really afford to move forward in such a financially reckless manner?

Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 1: Where's the Green?




Published Saturday, May 7, 2011 3:00 am

by John Rehill

Special Series: The Nuclear Power Play – Part 1: Where's the Green?


The Nuclear Power (NP) industry is working overtime to contain the imagery coming out of Japan. Currently, there is more at stake to secure the public perception of NP plants than the four reactors nearing meltdown.

A few months ago, the NP industry had just about convinced the public that NP plants were safe and clean green energy machines. It turns out neither is true.

In President Obama’s 2011 State Of The Union Address, he called for “clean energy” including NP.

He stated the need for "... investment that will strengthen our security, protect our planet and create countless new jobs for our people.”


One thing is clear; considering the recent turn of events in Japan, to move forward, by constructing new NP plants, without the prudence of an environmental impact study revealing their cradle to grave cost and perils, would be reckless and irresponsible.


What is at stake are the lives, health and well-being of the countless number of people that live anywhere near these plants, as well as what could be hundred’s of billions of dollars from America’s treasury, considering no underwriter will insure these plants for fear they might be compromised.

WHAT IS GREEN?

NP opponents see the huge expense to the environment and the pocketbook that these projects demand before the first shovel breaks ground, just one of the reasons NP is the most costly route to take for our future energy.


To start, thousands of acres are mined to obtain the limestone and other minerals used in making cement to construct just one of these plants. They are huge and require more than 10 times the amount of cement than any other type of construction. So much that soon after approval, the price of cement goes up in the region.


The mining destroys CO2-consuming topography that was once capable of reducing hundreds of tons of CO2 annually. This vegetation is replaced with CO2 producing equipment (trucks, dozers, drag-lines) that transports the millions of tons, sometimes hundreds of miles, to the plant site.



The mining and milling of the “uranium” is even more problematic. The loss of CO2-consuming topography and the equipment is similar, but the denigration to the aquifer and streams is even more severe than that from mining limestone.

From New Mexico to Canada lays a trail made up of thousands of mines and holes, some 600 ft. deep, which continue to pollute the aquifer, rivers, lakes and streams with high levels of radiation and heavy metals. This happens often enough that periodical warnings are posted on waterways like The Cheyenne River, Morreau River, Grand River, and many others.


These rivers run through areas like Cave Hill, Red Shirt, Pine Ridge and Church Rock. Sound familiar? If not, that’s because these are locations where the US Government and the NP industry hide a big, dirty secret – the US Forestry Department, on Native American Reservation land, primarily does the mining and milling of uranium.


The thousands of open mines with their pits and holes lie naked near hundreds of millions of tons of tailings (radium contaminated rock and dirt not suited for uranium fuel) leaching arsenic, radium 226 & 228, barium and other radioactive alpha emitters into the wells, streams and other water supplies.

Residents of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, Pine Ridge Reservation, the Great Sioux Nation and Navajo Nation know this. They customarily suffer from many of the complications that come from the exposure to these elements, like cancer, leukemia, kidney damage and diabetes.

Historically, Native Indians didn’t suffer from these diseases, yet now they suffer from many times the numbers than the rest of the US population. These elements have no taste or odor, so it’s hard to know what or how much toxins one is consuming.

The really ugly part is that none of these mines, open pits or tailings, get any reclamation. “Indian Reservation” land is exempt from federal regulation enforcement, so there’s no cleanup. The NP industry escapes any cost of reclamation and the US government (tax payers) picks up the tab for the mined and milled uranium – yet another hidden expense not factored in when proposing these plants.

When it comes to creating a viable and sustainable energy plan for our future, there are clearly significant causes for skepticism regarding the role of NP. Before Americans are asked to accept its increased role, shouldn't the people asking at least present accurate information on the true environmental costs?

Personally, I'm not seeing these factors mentioned in such conversations, though I've seen what appears to be many attempts to "greenwash" nuclear power that fail to address these obvious problems in terms of its environmental impacts. The American people deserve a more honest conversation, if they are to be asked to consider starting down such a peril-ridden road.

31 March 2011

Just how risky is nuclear power?


Just how risky is nuclear power



Q: Just how risky is nuclear power? 
A: Very. Every operating nuclear power plant in the United States has a pool of spent fuel on site, and the possibility of a Fukushima-like loss of coolant—and ensuing release of radiation—is quite real. A worst-case accident involving one of these pools could make more than 2,700 miles of land unfit for human habitation, lead to as many as 143,000 cancer fatalities within 500 miles of the accident site, and cause more than $700 billion in property damage.[i]
Even minor exposures to radiation released during a nuclear accident can cause health problems, including cancer later in life.[ii] Radioactive materials stay dangerous for thousands of years.

Q: Wasn’t the disaster in Japan caused by a combination of events—the earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent power outage—that couldn't happen here? 
A: Between hurricanes, tornadoes, human error, the potential for terrorist attack, mechanical failure, the age of our nuclear reactors and yes—earthquakes and tsunamis—it’s not outrageous to think that a major incident could happen at any one of the 104 nuclear reactors operating at the United States. Each of America's nuclear power stations share the same vulnerabilities as the nuclear reactors in Japan.[iii]

Q: Don’t we need nuclear power to keep the lights on?
A: Not necessarily. Nuclear power currently generates about 20 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.  But we don’t need to continue to allow nuclear reactors to operate beyond the 40 years they were originally designed for, and we don’t need to build new reactors.
We have vast safe energy resources that can do a better job of keeping the lights on. And they don’t explode, spill, or contaminate food supplies with radiation. For example, if we improved efficiency, in the next 20 years we could free up as much electricity as 100 new nuclear reactors could generate.[iv]
And America’s entire electricity needs could be met by the sunlight falling on a 100 square mile patch of Nevada desert, or by the wind blowing across North Dakota.[v]

Q: But isn’t nuclear power cheap?
A: No, it’s expensive and a bad investment. Nuclear power is among the most costly approaches to solving America’s energy problems. You just have to look at the history of nuclear power to understand. Of 75 nuclear reactors completed between 1966 and 1986, the average cost was more than triple the original construction budget.[vi] In 1985, Forbes magazine wrote that “the failure of the U.S. nuclear power program ranks as the largest managerial disaster in business history, a disaster on a monumental scale.”[vii]
The industry instead turned to taxpayer support. Over the last fifty years, American taxpayers have subsidized nuclear power to the tune of $145 billion.[viii] That’s more than the entire value of the electricity produced.[ix]
Wall Street investors still won’t touch nukes because the technology is too risky and too expensive. In contrast, investors are lining up to support newer renewable technologies, because they are more cost effective. Per dollar of investment, safe energy solutions—such as energy efficiency and wind power—deliver far more electricity than nuclear reactors.[x]

Q: Isn’t nuclear power better for the environment?
No. Energy efficiency is better. So are wind and solar power. These energy sources are better at preventing the kind of pollution that comes from fossil fuel plants than nuclear reactors because they are cheaper. They also don’t pose any risk of contaminating land, water or food with radioactive pollution.

For more information, and to get regular updates

visit our blog. Sincerely, Andre Delattre U.S. PIRG Executive Director

30 March 2011

URGENT APPEAL TO ALL CANADIAN GROUPS



Subject: AN URGENT APPEAL TO ALL CANADIAN GROUPS IN
 ALL

PARTS OF CANADA.

THE CANADIAN COALITION FOR NUCLEAR RESPONSIBILITY
AND LE MOUVEMENT SORTONS LE QUEBEC DU NUCLEAIRE 
IN CONCERT WITH DOZENS OF OTHER GROUPS WILL BE
ISSUING A PRESS RELEASE ON THURSDAY MORNING
CALLING FOR A ROYAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO
THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN CANADA, WITH A
CESSATION OF ALL LICENSING ACTIVITY RELATED TO 
NEW BUILD OR REFURBISHMENT PROJECTS, AS WELL AS
OFF-SITE TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTES 
PRODUCED BY NUCLEAR REACTORS IN THE MEANTIME.

PLEASE CONTACT AS MANY GROUPS AS POSSIBLE IN YOUR
NECK OF THE WOODS WHO CAN ENDORSE THIS CALL FOR
A NATIONAL INQUIRY ALONG THE LINES LAID OUT BELOW.

ANY SUGGESTIONS WILL BE GLADLY ACCEPTED AND
INCORPORATED IF POSSIBLE.

GORDON EDWARDS. CCNR-RSN
MICHEL DUGUAY MSQN

============================

The Press Release will incorporate some or all of these ideas:

A DRAFT WILL BE SENT TO ALL OF YOU TOMORROW
AFTERNOON FOR FINAL APPROVAL.

Media Release:

All federal political parties are being challenged to declare 
their support for a far-reaching non-partisan Royal Commission
of Inquiry into the Future of Nuclear Power in Canada, to be 
launched at the earliest possible date.  As part of that inquiry 
process, no new licenses for nuclear power plants in Canada, 
whether new build projects or refurbishment projects , as well 
as off-site transportation  of nuclear wastes produced by nuclear 
reactors, would be granted until the Royal Commission has 
concluded its work.

Groups from across Canada are joining together in this appeal
to ensure that the people of Canada are adequately consulted 
on the future of this inherently dangerous industry.  The basic
question is this: do Canadians wish nuclear power production 
to be expanded or to be phased out?

These groups are unanimous in their view that the Canadian
Nuclear Industry, the Canadian Regulatory Regime and the 
Canadian and Provincial governments have failed to disseminate
objective scientific information about the hazards of nuclear
reactors, the health dangers of radioactive exposures, and the 
potential ecological consequences of major reactor malfunctions.

These groups are also unanimous in their view that political
accountability and transparency has been woefully lacking
in the nuclear field, as governments have routinely abdicated 
responsibility to the Canadian nuclear establishment, of which
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission is an integral part.

These groups demand that the risks of nuclear power be
delineated not only from the point of view of the physicists 
and engineers who dominate the Canadian nuclear industry 
and its licensing agency, the CNSC, but also by independent 
bio-medical experts and people trained in the fields of biology 
and ecology, as well as experts drawn from the social sciences.

Most importantly, however, these groups demand the right for
ordinary Canadian citizens to voice their views on nuclear power
and to explore the risks and benefits of alternative energy tech-
nologies.  Before proceeding any further down the nuclear path,
Canadians will finally have a chance to debate the risks and
benefits of nuclear power in relation to its alternatives.

16 March 2011

List of Power Reactor Units


List of Power Reactor Units

For more information, see Map of Power Reactor Sites and our annually published Information Digest, Appendix A.
Plant Name
Docket Number
Reactor
Type
LocationOwner/OperatorNRC Region
Arkansas Nuclear 1
05000313
PWR6 miles WNW of Russellville,  AREntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.4
Arkansas Nuclear 2
05000368
PWR6 miles WNW of Russellville,  AREntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.4
Beaver Valley 1
05000334
PWR17 miles W of McCandless,  PAFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co.1
Beaver Valley 2
05000412
PWR17 miles W of McCandless,  PAFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co.1
Braidwood 1
05000456
PWR20 miles SSW of Joilet,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Braidwood 2
05000457
PWR20 miles SSW of Joilet,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Browns Ferry 1
05000259
BWR32 miles W of Huntsville, ALTennessee Valley Authority2
Browns Ferry 2
05000260
BWR32 miles W of Huntsville, ALTennessee Valley Authority2
Browns Ferry 3
05000296
BWR32 miles W of Huntsville, ALTennessee Valley Authority2
Brunswick 1
05000325
BWR40 miles S of Wilmington, NCProgress Energy2
Brunswick 2
05000324
BWR40 miles S of Wilmington, NCProgress Energy2
Byron 1
05000454
PWR17 miles SW of Rockford,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Byron 2
05000455
PWR17 miles SW of Rockford,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Callaway
05000483
PWR25 miles ENE of Jefferson City, MOAmeren UE4
Calvert Cliffs 1
05000317
PWR40 miles S of Annapolis,  MDConstellation Energy1
Calvert Cliffs 2
05000318
PWR40 miles S of Annapolis,  MDConstellation Energy1
Catawba 1
05000413
PWR18 miles S of Charlotte, NCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Catawba 2
05000414
PWR18 miles S of Charlotte, NCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Clinton
05000461
BWR23 miles SSE of Bloomington, ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Columbia Generating Station
05000397
BWR20 miles NNE of Pasco, WAEnergy Northwest4
Comanche Peak 1
05000445
PWR40 miles SW of Fort Worth, TXTXU Generating Company LP4
Comanche Peak 2
05000446
PWR40 miles SW of Fort Worth, TXTXU Generating Company LP4
Cooper
05000298
BWR23 miles S of Nebraska City,  NENebraska Public Power District4
Crystal River 3
05000302
PWR80 miles N of Tampa, FLProgress Energy2
D.C. Cook 1
05000315
PWR13 miles S of Benton Harbor,  MIIndiana/Michigan Power Co.3
D.C. Cook 2 
05000316
PWR13 miles S of Benton Harbor,  MIIndiana/Michigan Power Co.3
Davis-Besse
05000346
PWR21 miles ESE of Toledo,  OHFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co.3
Diablo Canyon 1
05000275
PWR12 miles WSW of San Luis Obispo,  CAPacific Gas & Electric Co.4
Diablo Canyon 2
05000323
PWR12 miles WSW of San Luis Obispo,  CAPacific Gas & Electric Co.4
Dresden 2
05000237
BWR25 miles SW of Joliet, ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Dresden 3
05000249
BWR25 miles SW of Joliet, ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Duane Arnold
05000331
BWR8 miles NW of Cedar Rapids,  IAFlorida Power & Light Co.3
Farley 1
05000348
PWR18 miles SE of Dothan,  ALSouthern Nuclear Operating Co.2
Farley 2
05000364
PWR18 miles SE of Dothan,  ALSouthern Nuclear Operating Co.2
Fermi 2
05000341
BWR25 miles NE of Toledo,  OHDetroit Edison Co.3
FitzPatrick
05000333
BWR6 miles NE of Oswego,  NYEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.1
Fort Calhoun
05000285
PWR19 miles N of Omaha,  NEOmaha Public Power District4
Ginna
05000244
PWR20 miles NE of Rochester,  NYConstellation Energy1
Grand Gulf 1
05000416
BWR20 miles S of Vicksburg,  MSEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.4
Hatch 1
05000321
BWR20 miles S of Vidalia, GASouthern Nuclear Operating Co., Inc.2
Hatch 2
05000366
BWR20 miles S of Vidalia, GASouthern Nuclear Operating Co., Inc.2
Hope Creek 1
05000354
BWR18 miles SE of Wilmington,  DEPSE&G Nuclear1
Indian Point 2
05000247
PWR24 miles N of New York City,  NYEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.1
Indian Point 3
05000286
PWR24 miles N of New York City,  NYEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.1
Kewaunee
05000305
PWR27 miles ESE of Green Bay,  WIDominion Generation3
La Salle 1
05000373
BWR11 miles SE of Ottawa,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
La Salle 2
05000374
BWR11 miles SE of Ottawa,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Limerick 1
05000352
BWR21 miles NW of Philadelphia,  PAExelon Generation Co., LLC1
Limerick 2
05000353
BWR21 miles NW of Philadelphia,  PAExelon Generation Co., LLC1
McGuire 1
05000369
PWR17 miles N of Charlotte,  NCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
McGuire 2
05000370
PWR17 miles N of Charlotte,  NCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Millstone 2
05000336
PWR3.2 miles WSW of New London,  CTDominion Generation1
Millstone 3
05000423
PWR3.2 miles WSW of New London,  CTDominion Generation1
Monticello
05000263
BWR35 miles NW of Minneapolis,  MNNuclear Management Co.3
Nine Mile Point 1
05000220
BWR6 miles NE of Oswego,  NYConstellation Energy1
Nine Mile Point 2
05000410
BWR6 miles NE of Oswego,  NYConstellation Energy1
North Anna 1
05000338
PWR40 miles NW of Richmond,  VADominion Generation2
North Anna 2
05000339
PWR40 miles NW of Richmond,  VADominion Generation2
Oconee 1
05000269
PWR30 miles W of Greenville,  SCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Oconee 2
05000270
PWR30 miles W of Greenville,  SCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Oconee 3
05000287
PWR30 miles W of Greenville,  SCDuke Energy Power Company, LLC2
Oyster Creek
05000219
BWR9 miles S of Toms River,  NJExelon Generation Co., LLC1
Palisades
05000255
PWR5 miles S of South Haven,  MIEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.3
Palo Verde 1
05000528
PWR50 miles W of Phoenix,  AZArizona Public Service Co.4
Palo Verde 2
05000529
PWR50 miles W of Phoenix,  AZArizona Public Service Co.4
Palo Verde 3
05000530
PWR50 miles W of Phoenix,  AZArizona Public Service Co.4
Peach Bottom 2
05000277
BWR17.9 miles S of Lancaster,  PAExelon Generation Co., LLC1
Peach Bottom 3
05000278
BWR17.9 miles S of Lancaster,  PAExelon Generation Co., LLC1
Perry 1
05000440
BWR35 miles NE of Cleveland, OHFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co.3
Pilgrim 1
05000293
BWR38 miles SE of Boston, MAEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.1
Point Beach 1
05000266
PWR13 miles NNW of Manitowoc,  WIFPL Energy Point Beach, LLC3
Point Beach 2
05000301
PWR13 miles NNW of Manitowoc,  WIFPL Energy Point Beach, LLC3
Prairie Island 1
05000282
PWR28 miles SE of Minneapolis,  MNNuclear Management Co.3
Prairie Island 2
05000306
PWR28 miles SE of Minneapolis,  MNNuclear Management Co.3
Quad Cities 1
05000254
BWR20 miles NE of Moline,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
Quad Cities 2
05000265
BWR20 miles NE of Moline,  ILExelon Generation Co., LLC3
River Bend 1
05000458
BWR24 miles NNW of Baton Rouge,  LAEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.4
Robinson 2
05000261
PWR26 miles NW of Florence,  SCProgress Energy2
Saint Lucie 1
05000335
PWR10 miles SE of Ft. Pierce,  FLFlorida Power & Light Co.2
Saint Lucie 2
05000389
PWR10 miles SE of Ft. Pierce,  FLFlorida Power & Light Co.2
Salem 1
05000272
PWR18 miles S of Wilmington,  DEPSE&G Nuclear1
Salem 2
05000311
PWR18 miles S of Wilmington,  DEPSE&G Nuclear1
San Onofre 2
05000361
PWR45 miles SE of Long Beach, CASouthern California Edison Co.4
San Onofre 3
05000362
PWR45 miles SE of Long Beach, CASouthern California Edison Co.4
Seabrook 1
05000443
PWR13 miles S of Portsmouth,  NHFlorida Power & Light Co.1
Sequoyah 1
05000327
PWR16 miles NE of Chattanooga,  TNTennessee Valley Authority2
Sequoyah 2
05000328
PWR16 miles NE of Chattanooga,  TNTennessee Valley Authority2
Shearon Harris 1
05000400
PWR20 miles SW of Raleigh,  NCProgress Energy2
South Texas 1
05000498
PWR90 miles SW of Houston, TXSTP Nuclear Operating Co.4
South Texas 2
05000499
PWR90 miles SW of Houston, TXSTP Nuclear Operating Co.4
Summer
05000395
PWR26 miles NW of Columbia,  SCSouth Carolina Electric & Gas Co.2
Surry 1
05000280
PWR17 miles NW of Newport News,  VADominion Generation2
Surry 2
05000281
PWR17 miles NW of Newport News,  VADominion Generation2
Susquehanna 1
05000387
BWR70 miles NE of Harrisburg, PAPPL Susquehanna, LLC1
Susquehanna 2
05000388
BWR70 miles NE of Harrisburg, PAPPL Susquehanna, LLC1
Three Mile Island 1
05000289
PWR10 miles SE of Harrisburg,  PAExelon Generation Co., LLC1
Turkey Point 3
05000250
PWR20 miles S of Miami,  FLFlorida Power & Light Co.2
Turkey Point 4
05000251
PWR20 miles S of Miami,  FLFlorida Power & Light Co.2
Vermont Yankee
05000271
BWR5 miles S of Brattleboro,  VTEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.1
Vogtle 1
05000424
PWR26 miles SE of Augusta,  GASouthern Nuclear Operating Co.2
Vogtle 2
05000425
PWR26 miles SE of Augusta,  GASouthern Nuclear Operating Co.2
Waterford 3
05000382
PWR25 miles W of New Orleans,  LAEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.4
Watts Bar 1
05000390
PWR60 miles SW of Knoxville, TNTennessee Valley Authority2
Wolf Creek 1
05000482
PWR3.5 miles NE of Burlington,  KSWolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp.4
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